The gearbox makamaka amatanthauza gearbox wa galimoto. Ilo lagawidwa m'mabuku ndi zodziwikiratu. Ma gearbox amapangidwa makamaka ndi magiya ndi ma shafts. Ma torque osinthira magiya amapangidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zida. The automatic gearbox AT imasinthidwa ndi hydraulic force. Torque, mapulaneti, ma hydraulic variable pitch system ndi hydraulic control system. Ma torque osinthika amatheka pogwiritsa ntchito ma hydraulic transmission ndi kuphatikiza zida.
Bokosi la gear ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri lagalimoto, lomwe lingasinthe kuchuluka kwa zida ndikuwonjezera ma torque ndi liwiro la gudumu loyendetsa. Ndi chitukuko chaukadaulo wamakono, gearbox yakwezedwanso. Kuchokera pakupatsirana kwapamanja koyambirira kupita kukuphatikizira kosalekeza kosalekeza, kuchokera kopanda synchronizer kukhala ndi synchronizer, kuwongolera kumakhala kosavuta. Pakalipano, injini za dizilo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakina omanga, ndipo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya torque ndi kusintha kwa liwiro ndi yaying'ono, yomwe singakwaniritse zofunikira za mphamvu yokoka komanso kuthamanga kwa magalimoto pansi pazikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zogwirira ntchito. Ma gearbox amafunikira kuti athetse kutsutsanaku. Kuchita kwa bokosi la gear ndiye chinsinsi choyezera mphamvu, chuma komanso kuyendetsa bwino kwa makina omanga. Makina osinthira apano makamaka amaphatikiza: kutumizirana ma mechanical, hydraulic transmission, ndi hydrostatic transmission. Bokosi la gear limakhala ndi kusuntha kwamanja ndikusintha mphamvu, ndipo mawonekedwe ake ndi okhazikika komanso mapulaneti.
Mawonekedwe:
(1) Kusintha chiŵerengero kufala, kukulitsa osiyanasiyana kusinthasintha pagalimoto gudumu makokedwe ndi liwiro kuti azolowere zinthu zonse kusintha galimoto, ndi pa nthawi yomweyo kupanga injini ntchito pa zinthu zabwino mphamvu mkulu ndi otsika mafuta;
(2) Galimoto imatha kuyendetsedwa chammbuyo pamene injini imazungulira mbali imodzi;
(3) Kugwiritsa ntchito zida zosalowerera ndale, kusokoneza kufalitsa mphamvu, kupangitsa injini kuyamba, kusuntha, ndikuthandizira kusuntha kapena kutulutsa mphamvu.
(4) Kupatsirana kumapangidwa ndi njira yosinthira ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito, ndipo kuchotsera mphamvu kumatha kuwonjezeredwa ngati kuli kofunikira. Pali njira ziwiri zogawira: molingana ndi kusintha kwa chiŵerengero chotumizira ndi kusiyana kwa njira yowonongeka.
mfundo:
Kutumiza kwamanja kumapangidwa makamaka ndi magiya ndi ma shafts, omwe amatulutsa ma torque osinthika kudzera mumitundu yosiyanasiyana yamagiya. Kutumiza kodziwikiratu kwa AT kumapangidwa ndi chosinthira ma hydraulic torque, magiya a mapulaneti ndi makina owongolera ma hydraulic, kudzera mumayendedwe a hydraulic ndi kuphatikiza zida. Kuti mukwaniritse ma torque osinthika.
Mwa iwo, hydraulic torque converter ndiye gawo lodziwika bwino la AT. Amakhala ndi zigawo monga mpope gudumu, turbine ndi gudumu kalozera, ndipo mwachindunji zolowetsa injini mphamvu kufala torque ndi kulekana. Gudumu la pampu ndi turbine ndizophatikizana zogwirira ntchito. Iwo ali ngati mafani awiri aikidwa moyang'anizana ndi mzake. Mphepo yowombedwa ndi fani imodzi yogwira ntchito imayendetsa ma fani amtundu wina kuti azungulire. Mpweya woyenda—mphepoyo imakhala njira yopatsira mphamvu ya kinetic. .
Ngati madzi akugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa mpweya ngati sing'anga yotumizira mphamvu ya kinetic, gudumu la mpope lidzazungulira turbine kudzera mumadzimadzi, ndiyeno gudumu lowongolera limawonjezedwa pakati pa gudumu la mpope ndi turbine kuti liwongolere kutengerako kwamadzimadzi. Chifukwa ma torque osinthira ma torque osinthika siwokulirapo mokwanira komanso kugwira ntchito kwake ndikotsika.
Kutumiza kwadzidzidzi kumagwiritsa ntchito makina oyendetsa galimoto, ndipo kusankha ndi kusuntha kwa chiŵerengero chotumizira kumangochitika zokha. Dalaivala amangofunika kugwiritsa ntchito chowongolera chowongolera, ndipo kutumizira kumatha kuwongolera chowongolera molingana ndi chizindikiro cha injini ndi liwiro lagalimoto kuti azindikire kusintha kwa giya.
gulu:
Gearbox ili ndi pafupifupi ma transmission manual, transmission wamba/wamba yodziwikiratu yolumikizana ndi manja, CVT mosalekeza variable transmission/CVT gearbox, the dual clutch transmission, serial transmission ndi zina zotero.
Amagawidwa ndi chiŵerengero chotumizira
(1) Kupatsirana kwapang'onopang'ono: Njira yodutsamo ndiyomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Imagwiritsa ntchito ma giya oyendetsa ndipo imakhala ndi magawo angapo okhazikika. Pali mitundu iwiri ya ma axial fixed transmissions (ma transmissions wamba) ndi axial rotary transmissions (maplanetary transmissions), malingana ndi mtundu wa sitima yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Magawo otengera magalimoto onyamula anthu komanso magalimoto opepuka komanso apakatikati nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi magiya opita 3-5 ndi giya imodzi yakumbuyo, ndipo pamagalimoto onyamula katundu pamakhala magiya ambiri. Zomwe zimatchedwa nambala yotumizira imatanthawuza chiwerengero cha magiya opita patsogolo.
(2) Kupatsirana kwapang'onopang'ono: Chiyerekezo cha kufalikira kwa njira yosasunthika chingasinthidwe m'magawo osawerengeka mkati mwamitundu ingapo. Nthawi zambiri, pali mitundu iwiri yamtundu wamagetsi ndi mtundu wa hydraulic (mtundu wamadzi wosuntha). The variable liwiro kufala gawo la magetsi mosalekeza kufala kusinthasintha ndi DC mndandanda galimoto. Kuphatikiza pakugwiritsa ntchito pa basi ya trolley, imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri pamakina otumizira magalimoto onyamula katundu wolemera kwambiri. Chigawo chotumizira cha hydrodynamic mosalekeza kufala kosinthika ndi chosinthira makokedwe.
The mosalekeza variable kufala ndi mtundu wa kufala basi, koma akhoza kuthana ndi zofooka za "mwadzidzidzi kusuntha", pang'onopang'ono poyankha poyankha, ndi kumwa mkulu mafuta wa kufala ochiritsira basi. Amakhala ndi magulu awiri a ma disks osuntha ndi lamba. Choncho, ndi losavuta mu kapangidwe ndi ang'onoang'ono kukula kuposa kufala ochiritsira basi. Komanso, akhoza momasuka kusintha chiŵerengero kufala, motero kukwaniritsa zonse-liwiro stepless kusuntha, kuti liwiro la galimoto kusintha bwino, popanda "tani" kumverera kwa chikhalidwe kufala kusuntha.
Mu njira yotumizira, zida zachikhalidwe zimasinthidwa ndi ma pulleys ndi lamba wachitsulo. Pulley iliyonse imakhala yooneka ngati V yokhala ndi ma disc awiri. Shaft ya injini imalumikizidwa ndi kapule kakang'ono ndipo imayendetsedwa ndi lamba wachitsulo. puli. Makina osamvetsetseka ali pa pulley yapadera iyi: kapangidwe ka CVT kamene kamakhala kodabwitsa, ndipo amagawidwa kumanzere ndi kumanja kwa ntchitoyo, yomwe imatha kukhala pafupi kapena kupatukana. Chovalacho chikhoza kutsekedwa kapena kutsegulidwa pansi pa hydraulic thrust, ndipo chingwe chachitsulo chimatulutsidwa kuti chisinthe m'lifupi mwa V-groove. Pamene chimbale chofanana ndi cone chimasunthidwa mkati ndi mwamphamvu, chingwe chachitsulo chachitsulo chimasunthira kumbali ina osati pakati pa bwalo (centrifugal direction) pansi pa kukanikiza kwa cone disc, ndipo m'malo mwake amasunthira mkati chapakati pa bwalo. Mwanjira iyi, kukula kwa disk yoyendetsedwa ndi unyolo wachitsulo kumawonjezeka, ndipo chiŵerengero cha kufalitsa chimasintha.
(3) Kupatsirana kophatikizika: Kupatsirana kophatikizika ndi ma hydraulic mechanical transmission yomwe imakhala ndi chosinthira ma torque ndi kutengera kwamtundu wa gear. Chiŵerengero chotumizira chikhoza kukhala chapakati pazigawo zingapo pakati pa ziwerengero zazikulu ndi zochepa. Palibe zosintha zamkati ndipo pali ntchito zambiri.
(1) kutumiza pamanja
Kutumiza kwapamanja, komwe kumatchedwanso giya lamanja, kumatha kusintha malo a meshing pamayendedwe posintha malo osinthira zida ndi dzanja, ndikusintha chiŵerengero cha zida kuti mukwaniritse cholinga chosinthira. Pamene clutch ikanikizidwa, lever yosinthira ikhoza kusinthidwa. Ngati dalaivala ali ndi luso, galimoto yokhala ndi bukhuli imathamanga kwambiri kuposa momwe imayendera pamene ikuthamanga ndikudutsa, komanso ndiyopanda mafuta.
AMT gearbox ndi mtundu wa gearbox wamanja. Ili ndi ubwino wopulumutsa mafuta komanso mtengo wotsika. Choyipa ndichakuti mawonekedwe ogwiritsira ntchito ndi ochepa ndipo ukadaulo sunakhwime mokwanira. Ngati "m'manja-pa-mmodzi" ndi kupanga kufala wamba basi kukhala ndi kumverera kwa zida Buku, ndiye AMT gearbox ndi zosiyana. Zimatengera bokosi la gearbox, ndipo kapangidwe kake kamakhala kosasinthika posintha gawo losinthira. Pankhani ya makina owongolera okha kuti akwaniritse kusintha kosinthika, kuli ngati loboti kumaliza ntchito ziwiri zogwiritsira ntchito clutch ndi kusankha zida. Chifukwa ndi njira yotumizira pamanja, AMT imakhalanso ndi mwayi wotumizira pamanja potengera kuchuluka kwamafuta. Panthawi yoyendetsa galimoto, kukhumudwa kwa AMT chifukwa cha kusintha kwa gear kulipobe.
(2) Kutumiza kwachangu
Kutumiza kodziwikiratu kumagwiritsa ntchito makina osinthira mapulaneti, ndipo kumatha kusuntha liwiro molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa chowongolera komanso kusintha kwa liwiro lagalimoto. Dalaivala amangofunika kugwiritsa ntchito accelerator pedal kuti aziwongolera liwiro.
Nthawi zambiri, pali mitundu ingapo yamagetsi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagalimoto: ma hydraulic automatic transmissions, ma hydraulic transmission automatic transmissions, ma electric transmission automatic transmissions, mawotchi odziyimira pawokha, komanso ma hydraulic automatic transmissions. Pakati pawo, chofala kwambiri ndi hydraulic automatic transmission. Ma hydraulic automatic transmission amapangidwa makamaka ndi makina osinthira ma hydraulically controller, ndipo makamaka amaphatikiza clutch yodziwikiratu komanso kufala kwadzidzidzi. Imangosintha magiya kutengera kusintha kwa kutseguka kwa throttle ndi liwiro. A mosalekeza variable kufala ndi mtundu wa zodziwikiratu kufala.
Agawanika ndi chinyengo
(1) Kutumiza koyendetsedwa mokakamiza: Kutumiza kokakamizidwa kumayendetsedwa ndi dalaivala molunjika posuntha lever yosuntha.
(2) Kupatsirana kokha: Kusankhidwa kwa chiŵerengero cha kufala ndi kusuntha kwa kayendedwe ka chiwongolero ndi basi, chomwe chimatchedwa "makina". Zimatanthawuza kusinthika kwa giya lililonse la makina opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito makina osindikizira omwe amawonetsa kuchuluka kwa injini ndi liwiro la galimoto kuti azitha kuyendetsa makina osuntha. Dalaivala amangofunika kugwiritsa ntchito accelerator pedal kuti aziwongolera liwiro lagalimoto.
(3) Semi-automatic transmissions: Pali mitundu iwiri ya semi-automatic transmissions: imodzi ndi yogwiritsira ntchito magiya angapo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri, magiya ena amayendetsedwa ndi dalaivala; chinacho ndikusankhiratu, ndiko kuti, dalaivala asanayambe kugwiritsa ntchito Malo osankhidwa a batani, pamene chopondapo cha clutch chikugwedezeka kapena chiwongolero cha accelerator chimasulidwa, chipangizo chamagetsi kapena chipangizo cha hydraulic chimatsegulidwa kuti chisinthe.
Pogwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali, chifukwa cha kusinthasintha pafupipafupi, zigawo za gearbox zimakhala zowonongeka komanso zowonongeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti bokosi la gear likhale lovuta kuti likhale lokonzekera, lodzipatula, komanso phokoso panthawi yogwira ntchito, zomwe zimakhudza kugwiritsa ntchito. Chifukwa chake, pakugwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku, ndikofunikira kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa ntchito ya gearbox pafupipafupi, kuyang'ana ngati kufalikira kwa kufalikira kuli kokhazikika, ngati pali kusiyana kwachilendo ndi phokoso, ndikupeza chifukwa chake. kusintha kapena kukonza. Zolakwa zambiri ndi izi:
Zovuta kupachika
Mukamagwiritsa ntchito lever yosinthira, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kutseka zida, ndipo sizingalowe m'galimoto bwino; kapena phokoso la mano limapezeka pamene giya yatsekedwa, ndipo giya siligwidwa pamene ili lalikulu.
Zifukwa zake ndi izi:
(1) Clutch sichimalekanitsidwa kwathunthu ndipo mphamvuyo siingathe kudulidwa. Kuchita kwachindunji ndi mbali ziwiri: Choyamba, chifukwa cha kusintha kosayenera, chopondapo sichimafika kumapeto, zomwe zimapangitsa kulekanitsa kosakwanira komanso kuvutika kupachika. Chodabwitsa ichi ndi chofala kwa oyambira. Chifukwa cha kusowa luso, ma pedals nthawi zambiri samatsekedwa pamene akuponda pazitsulo, ndipo magiya sakhala pamwamba, ndipo magiya akugwedeza. Chachiwiri, ndizovuta kutseka magiya chifukwa cha kusauka kwaukadaulo kwa clutch;
(2) Mano a giya atsopano a galimoto yatsopanoyo ndi ovuta, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti giya likhale lovuta;
(3) Foloko yosinthira imakhala yotayirira komanso yopindika, nsonga ya foloko imapindika ndi dzimbiri, ndipo kuyenda kumakhala kovuta. Pamene loko yotsekera ya foloko shaft yokhazikika imasuka, kusintha kwa gear kumakhala kovuta;
(4) Kutalika kwa lever reverse pa lever yosuntha imasinthidwa molakwika. Pamene giya lakumbuyo likugwira ntchito, kutalika kwa chidutswa chokhoma sikokwanira kulowa m'malo mobwerera.
Zodziyimira pawokha
Pali zochitika ziwiri zomwe zimasintha zokha. Chimodzi ndi chakuti pamene mukuyendetsa galimoto, kwezani pang'ono chowongolera chowongolera, giya imalumpha kubwerera kumalo osalowerera ndale; china ndi chakuti pamene katundu wokwera akuwonjezeka, giya nthawi yomweyo imalumpha kubwerera kumalo osalowerera ndale. Pankhaniyi, ngati mutapachikanso Ngati chipikacho sichinapachikidwa, n'zosavuta kupanga malo otsetsereka ndipo ngozi yaikulu imachitika.
Zifukwa zake ndi izi:
(1) Kasupe wa masika a foloko amafooka kapena kusweka, kotero kuti malo odzitsekera okha amalephera;
(2) Chitsulo chotsekera mphanda ndi chotayirira, mpira wachitsulo wa foloko shaft poyika poyambira kapena chida chodzitsekera chavala, ndipo chowongolera sichingayikidwe modalirika;
(3) Kukwapula kogwira mtima kwa mphanda kumakhala kochepa kapena mphanda ndi wopindika komanso wopunduka, kotero kuti meshing ya gear siili m'malo, ndipo n'zosavuta kuchotsa pambuyo pa kupsinjika;
(4) Kumapeto kwa mphanda kumavala kwambiri, kusiyana pakati pa mapeto a foloko ndi groove yoyendetsa mphete ndi yaikulu kwambiri, ndipo zida zotsetsereka zimakhala zosavuta kusuntha kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo ndikuzichotsa; ndi zina zotero
Phokoso lachilendo la Gearbox
Pali milandu iwiri yaphokoso lachilendo mu gearbox: imodzi ndi phokoso losalowerera ndale; chinacho ndi phokoso lachilendo pamene mukusuntha pamene mukuyendetsa galimoto.
Njira yokonzera:
Magalimoto ochulukirachulukira amakhala ndi ma transmissions okha. Ndi gearbox yodziwikiratu, anthu amatha kuyendetsa galimoto pakati pa phazi limodzi ndi phazi limodzi, zomwe zimakhala zosavuta. Ngati mwiniwakeyo anyalanyaza kukonza kwa ma transmission odziwikiratu, kufalikira kwachangu kodziwikiratu kumatha kulephera.
Chomwe chimanyalanyazidwa kwambiri ndi mwiniwake ndikusankha kolondola ndikusintha mafuta otumizira okha pa nthawi yake. Kuphatikiza pa kuyendetsa bwino kwanthawi zonse, chinsinsi chokonzekera ndi "kusintha mafuta" molondola. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti ma automatic transmission fluid (ATF) omwe wopanga amafotokozera amayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito, apo ayi, zodziwikiratu zimatha kuvala zachilendo. Kusintha mafuta odziyimira pawokha sikungachitike pashopu yam'mphepete mwa msewu kapena kumalo ogulitsira magalimoto chifukwa ntchitoyi ndi yovuta kwambiri. Pali mitundu iwiri ya zodziwikiratu padziko lapansi, pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu iwiri yamafuta otumizira odziwikiratu, omwe sangasinthidwe komanso kusakanikirana, apo ayi kuwononga zodziwikiratu zidzawonongeka. Choncho, m'malo mafuta kufala basi, mwiniwake ayenera kupita ku fakitale yapadera kukonza kapena akatswiri basi kufala kufala kukonza shopu.
Munthawi yanthawi zonse, galimoto yotumizira ma automatic iyenera kutsukidwa ndikusungidwa kamodzi pa 20,000 km mpaka 25,000 km, kapena gearbox ikatsika, kutentha kwamadzi kumakhala kokwera, kusuntha kumachepa, ndipo dongosolo limatuluka ndikuyeretsa.
Zisamaliro:
1. Yesetsani kuzungulira kwa mafuta otumizira basi.
The mkati ulamuliro limagwirira wa kufala zodziwikiratu ndi yolondola kwambiri, ndi chilolezo ndi yaing'ono, kotero ambiri mwa kufala zodziwikiratu ali ndi nthawi kusintha mafuta kwa zaka ziwiri kapena 40 mpaka 60,000 makilomita. Pakugwiritsa ntchito bwino, kutentha kwamafuta otumizira nthawi zambiri kumakhala pafupifupi madigiri 120 Celsius, motero mafutawo amakhala okwera kwambiri ndipo ayenera kukhala oyera. Kachiwiri, mafuta opatsirana atagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali, adzatulutsa madontho amafuta, omwe amatha kupanga matope, omwe amawonjezera kuvala kwa mbale zokangana ndi zigawo zosiyanasiyana, komanso zimakhudzanso kuthamanga kwamafuta, zomwe zingakhudze kufalitsa mphamvu. Chachitatu, sludge mumafuta onyansa amapangitsa kuti kuyenda kwa ma valve mu thupi lililonse la valve kukhala kosakwanira, ndipo kuwongolera kwamafuta kumakhudzidwa, motero kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kusakhazikika pakupatsirana. Yang'anani nthawi zonse.
2. Bwezerani mafuta otumizira bwino.
Njira yabwino yosinthira mafuta ndikusintha mafuta osinthika. Zida zapadera zoyeretsera ma gearbox zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pa ntchito ya gearbox, mafuta akale amazunguliridwa mokwanira, ndipo mafuta atsopano a gearbox amawonjezedwa pambuyo pa kutulutsidwa, kuti kusintha kwa mafuta kukhale kokwera kwambiri. Zoposa 90, kuonetsetsa kusintha kwabwino kwa mafuta.
3. Kaya mulingo wamafuta odziwikiratu ndi wabwinobwino.
Njira yoyendera mafuta yoyendera yokha ndiyosiyana ndi mafuta a injini. Mafuta a injini amawunikidwa pamalo ozizira, ndipo mafuta otumizira amafunika kutenthetsa mafuta mpaka pafupifupi 50 ° C, ndiyeno giya lamagetsi limakhala mu gear iliyonse kwa masekondi awiri. Pambuyo poyikidwa m'magiya oimikapo magalimoto, mulingo wamafuta wamba wa dipstick uyenera kukhala pakati pa mizere yapamwamba kwambiri ndi yotsika kwambiri. Ngati sikokwanira, mafuta abwino omwewo ayenera kuwonjezeredwa panthawi yake.
Chifukwa chiyani galimoto iyenera kupanga gearbox?
Udindo wa gearbox ndikusintha matulutsidwe a injini ndi liwiro, kusintha pakati pa liwiro lalikulu ndi torque yayikulu, palibe gearbox, kuthamanga kwa injini kumakhudza mwachindunji gudumu, mutha kuganiza, liwiro lagalimoto ndi chiyani kuti lifike ma revolution chikwi mphindi Kumverera, ndi liwiro osiyanasiyana ndi ochepa. Zomwe zili pamwambazi ndi za mphamvu ya injini yoyaka mkati. Magalimoto amagetsi alibe gearbox chifukwa liwiro limatha kuwongoleredwa ndi zomwe zikuchitika.
Choyamba, dongosolo la gearbox
1. Bokosi la gear lili ndi magawo awiri: njira yosinthira liwiro komanso njira yosinthira.
2. Ntchito yaikulu ya makina osinthira othamanga ndikusintha mtengo ndi kayendetsedwe ka torque ndi liwiro; ntchito yaikulu ya opareshoni limagwirira ndi kulamulira njira kufala kuzindikira kusintha kwa chiŵerengero kufala, ndiko kuti, kuzindikira kusuntha kukwaniritsa variable liwiro torque.
Chachiwiri, makhalidwe structural
Kutumiza kosavuta kuli ndi ubwino wochita bwino kwambiri, mawonekedwe osavuta komanso osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, koma kuchuluka kwa magiya ndikocheperako, ndipo mitundu ya i kusintha ndi yaying'ono (mphamvu yolumikizira ndi liwiro ndi yaying'ono), ndipo ndiyoyenera kwa otembenuza ena. ndi magiya ochepa.
Chachitatu, mfundo yake
1. Bokosi la gearbox limagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ndi mfundo yochepetsera zida.
2. Mwachidule, pali ma seti angapo a ma giya awiri mu gearbox, komanso momwe amasinthira pamene galimoto ikuyenda, ndiye kuti, ma giya osiyanasiyana mu gearbox amagwira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito makina opangira.
3. Ngati zidazo zili pa liwiro lotsika, lolani kuti chiŵerengero cha gear chigwire ntchito ndi zida zazikulu, ndipo pa liwiro lalikulu, lolani kuti chiwerengero cha gear chigwire ntchito ndi zida zazing'ono.
